![]() This literature review supports the conclusion that TENS may have efficacy for a variety of acute and chronic pain conditions, although the magnitude of the effect remains uncertain due to the low quality of existing literature. Examinations of the outcomes beyond resting pain, analgesic tolerance, and identification of TENS responders remain less studied areas of research. Importantly, stimulation intensity has been documented as critical to therapeutic success. In comparison with our 2014 review, there appears to be improvement in adverse events and parameter reporting. The outcomes will be rated as positive (+), negative (-), undecided (U), or equivalent to other effective interventions (=). This summary of the evidence includes only trials with pain as the primary outcome. ![]() The continued uncertainty about the clinical efficacy of TENS to alleviate pain, despite years of research, is related to the quality of the clinical trials included in systematic reviews. Over the last two decades, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying TENS efficacy has led to the development of an adequate dose and has improved outcome measure utilization. The first clinical studies on TENS were published over 50 years ago, when effective parameters of stimulation were unclear and clinical trial design was in its infancy. ![]() Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological intervention used in the treatment of acute and chronic pain conditions. ![]()
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